Welcome To The World Of A.I
Definition of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence(A.I) was first proposed by John McCarthy in 1956 in the first academic conference(The Dartmouth Conference) on the subject.
A.I is a field of study in computer science that shows the capability of machine learning just like human and aimed at the development of computer capable of doing things people do normally.
Welcoming The Basics of A.I
Artificial Intelligence as made a few successful runs in the past. In the sixties it brought about great promises of what we will be able to do with the machines and in the eighties it was going to revolutionize business.
Computer Scientists are predicting that by 2020, 85% of human request will be manage by virtual assistance instead of humans. That means Simple human request and interaction will be managed by computers and A.I, just like we use cortana on windows 10 to manage our computers.
A.I is based mostly by algorithms or models, one of the model is the Artificial Neural Network.
While exploring A.I we have the strong A.I and the weak A.I.
Strong A.I: it’s work aimed at genuinely simulating human reasoning. it’s not only about building a system or machine that can think but can also explain how the human think. They are actually not yet built.
Weak A.I: it’s just aimed at getting the system or machine to work(think). it’s doesn’t necessarily need to explain how the human think, it should just do it’s given task. Some definition of A.I are organized into four categories:
⦁ Acting Humanly: The Turing Test Approach-
“The art of creating a machine that performs functions that require Intelligence when performed by people” (Kurzweil, 1990)
Proposed by Alan Turing (1950), was designed to provides an excellent operational definition of Intelligence. A computer passes the test if a human interrogator after posing some written questions cannot tell whether the written responses come from a person or from a computer.
Programming a computer to pass a rigorously applied test provides plenty to work on, it must posses the following capabilities
i. Natural Language Processing to enable communication successfully in English,
ii. Knowledge Representation to store what it knows or hears,
iii. Automata Reasoning to use the stored information to answer questions and draw new conclusion,
iv. Machine Learning to adapt to new circumstances and extrapolate patterns,
v. Computer Vision to perceive objects and
vi. Robotics to manipulate objects and move about.
⦁ Thinking Humanly: The Cognitive Modelling Approach-
“The exciting new efforts to make computers think… Machine with minds in the full literal sense” (Haugeland, 1985)
For us to say a given program think like human we must have some way of determining how human thinks. We need to study the actual working of a human minds. There are three ways to do it:
Through introspection trying to catch our own thoughts as they go by, Through Psychological Experiment observing a person in action and Brain Imaging Observing the brains in action.
⦁ Thinking Rationally: The “Law of Thought” Approach-
“The study of mental faculties through the use of computational model” (Chamiak and McDermott, 1985)
There are actually two main obstacles to this approach. First it is not easy to take informal knowledge and state in the formal terms required by logical notation.
Aristotle a great Philosopher was one of the first to attempt to codify “right thinking” i.e ineffutable reasoning processes. These laws of thought were suppose to govern the operation of the mind. Their study initiated the field called “LOGIC”.
Logicians in the 19th century developed a precise notation for statements about all kinds of objects in the world and relations among them. The So called logicist tradition within Artificial Intelligence hopes to build on such program to create intelligent systems.
⦁ Acting Rationally: The Rational Agent Approach-
“A.I… is concerned with intelligent behavior in artifacts” (Nilsson 1998)
Of course all computer programs do something but computer agents are expected to do more. An Agent is just something that acts while A Rational agent is one that act so as to achieve the best outcome or where there is uncertainty the best expected outcome.
There is a working hypothesis that perfect rationality is a good starting point for analysis it simplifies the problem and provides appropriate for most of the foundational material in the field.
A.I 2D World 